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»Ý¨D¼h¦¸²z½× (A Theory of Human Motivation Psychological Review) ÓÅ馨ªøªº¤º¦b¤O¶q¬O°Ê¾÷. °Ê¾÷¬O¥Ñ¦hºØ¤£¦P©Ê½èªº»Ý¨D©Ò²Õ¦¨. ¦Ó¦UºØ»Ý¨D¤§¶¡¦³¥ý«á¶¶§Ç,¨C¤@¼h¦¸ªº»Ý¨D»Pº¡¨¬,±N¨M©wÓÅé¤H®æµo®iªº¹Ò¬É.
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2. ¦w¥þªº»Ý¨D (the safety and security needs)¡G ¤HÃþ¦³§K©ó®£Äß'§K©ó¦MÀI¥H¤Î§K©ó³Qé¹Ü,§ä´M¦w¥þªº'éwªº'«OÅ@ªº»Ý¨D.
[Y ²z½×] 3. ·R»PÁõÄݪº»Ý¨D (the love and belonging needs)¡G ¤HÃþ´M§äªB¤Í'·R¤H'¿Ë±KÃö«Yªº»Ý¨D, ¥]¬A³Q§O¤H±µ¯Ç'·RÅ@'Ãöª`'ªY½à'¹ªÀy'ÁõÄݬƦܬOªÀ°Ïªº»Ý¨D.
4. ´L«ªº»Ý¨D (the esteem needs)¡G ¥]¬A¨ü¤H´L«»P¦Û§Ú´L«¨â¤è±¡F«eªÌ§Æ¨D§O¤Hªº«µø¡A«áªÌ§Æ¨DÓ¤H¦³»ùÈ. A. ¨ü¤H´L«ªº»Ý¨D,¹ï©óÓ¤H¦WÅA'¥úºaªº'³Q»{¥iªº'³Qª`·Nªº'³QªY½àªº»Ý¨D. B. ¦Û§Ú´L«ªº»Ý¨D,¥]¬A¦Û«H'Ävª§¤O'¦¨´N'¥D®_'¿W¥ß'«n©Ê»P¦Û¥Ñªº»Ý¨D.
°¨´µ¬¥»{¬°¥H¤W¥|ºØ»Ý¨D¬O¤HÃþ¥Í¦sªº»Ý¨D, ¬O¤@ºØ¦Û°Ê¦Ûµoªºì«h,¬O¤@ºØ»P¥ÍѨӪº»Ý¨D,ºÙ¬° Homeostasis.
5. ¦Û§Ú¹ê²{ªº»Ý¨D (self-actulization): °¨´µ¬¥´¿¥Î¤£¦Pªº»y·J¨Ó´yz³oÓ²z©À. ¨Ò¦p¡G¦¨ªø°Ê¾÷'³Q»Ý¨Dªº»Ý¨D'¥H¤Î¦Û§Ú¹ê²{ªº»Ý¨D. ³oÓ¼h¦¸ªº»Ý¨D¬OÁöµM¤HÃþÀò±oº¡¨¬¦ý¬O¤´µM·Pı¨ì¦³»Ý¨D. ´«¨¥¤§,¤@¥¹¤HÃþº¡¨¬³o¨Ç»Ý¨Dªº®ÉԤϦÓı±o»Ý¨D§ó¦h¤F, ¤H¦]¦¹¤£Â_ªº¥R¹ê¦Û¤v,¥Hµo´§¦Û¤vªº¼ç¤O,Åý¦Û¤v§ó§¹¬ü,¦Ó¥B³oºØ»Ý¨D¬O¥ÃµL¤î¹Òªº.
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4. °ª¼h¦¸ªº»Ý¨D±j«×¸û®z. 5. °ª¼h¦¸»Ý¨D±o¨Óªºº¡¨¬¬O¸û¬°¥DÆ[ªº,¦p«D±`©¯ºÖ,¤ß±¡¤Q¤À¥Ã,¤º¦b¥Í¬¡«D±`´I¸Îµ¥. 6. ¥Ñ°ª¼h¦¸»Ý¨D±o¨Óªºº¡¨¬,¨Ï¤H̥Ͳz°·±d¥H¤Î¤ß²z°·±d¤S¦V«eÁÚ¤F¤@¤j¨B. 7. ·íÓ¤HªºÀô¹Ò(¸gÀÙ,±Ð¨|µ¥Àô¹Ò)¸û¦n®É,Ó¤H¸û©öº¡¨¬°ª¼h¦¸ªº»Ý¨D. 8. ·íÓ¤Hº¡¨¬¨ä°ª¼h¦¸»Ý¨D¤§«á,Ó¤H·U¥i¯à±µªñ¦Û§Ú¹ê²{ªº¥Ø¼Ð. ¦¹¥~,¥L¤]«ü¥X¡G¥Ñ©óÓ§O®t²§ªº¼vÅT,¨CÓ´Á«Ýº¡¨¬ªº»Ý¨D¤£¤@¼Ë,¨ä«n©Ê¤]¤£¦P.
°¨´µ¬¥¦b¥Lªº»Ý¨D¼h¦¸²z½×¤¤¯S§O´£¥X¤HÃþªº°Ê¾÷ª¬ºA¬O«ùÄò¤£Â_ªº. °Ê¾÷ªº©Ê½è¬O³Q°Êªº(¦]¦¹»Ýn³Q¿Eµo,¿EÀy)¦Ó¥B¨äºc³y¬O½ÆÂøªº. §ó¶i¤@¨B¨Ó»¡,¦bµu¼Èªº®É¶¡¤ºÓ¤Hªº°Ê¾÷¤]³\Àò±oº¡¨¬, ¦ý±qªø´ÁªºÆ[ÂI¨Ó¬Ý,¤HÃþªº°Ê¾÷¬O¤£¥i¯à§¹¥þÀò±oº¡¨¬. ·íÓ¤Hº¡¨¬¬Y¤@ºØ»Ý¨D¤§«á·|²£¥Í·sªº»Ý¨D,·sªº»Ý¨Dº¡¨¬¤F«h¤S·|¦³¥t¤@ºØ·s»Ý¨D±µµÛ²£¥Í. ¦]¦¹¤HÃþªº»Ý¨D¬O¥ÃµL¤î¹Òªº.
[Z²z½×] http://www.maslow.org/m_today.php3 6. ³Ì°ª»Ý¨D ¶W¶V©Ê»Ý¨D ÆF©Ê»Ý¨D (Transcendence): Ų©ó¹L¥h1940¦~¥N¤H¥»¥D¸q¡u¦Û§Ú¹ê²{¡vªº¦Û§Ú¤ß²z¾Ç,¾ÉP¤F¹L«×±j½Õ¦Û§Úªº°¾®t,³y¦¨¯U¹i¦Ó¬y©ó¦Û¨p©Î°ß§Ú¥D¸q. °¨´µ¬¥·NÃѨì¤@¨ý±j½Õ¦Û§Ú¹ê²{¤£¯à¦¨¬°¤Hªº²×·¥¥Ø¼Ð,·|¾É¦V¤£°·±dªºÓ¤H¥D¸q,¬Æ¦Ü©ó¦Û§Ú¤¤¤ßªº¶É¦V, §ÚÌ»Ýn¡y¤ñ§Ú̧ó¤jªº¡zªF¦è,¿Eµo·q¬È¤§±¡....¡v. ¦b¥L¥h¥@«e¤@¦~(1969),µoªí¤FµÛ¦Wªº"Theory ¢è",¶i¤@¨B´£¥X¤FÆF©Ê©Î¶W¶V©Ê¬°¤HÃþªº³Ì°ª»Ý¨D. ¦b°¨´µ¬¥ªºZ²z½×¤¤,²[»\¤FÃþ¦ü¦ò¾Ç,¦Ñ²ø,¬Æ¦Ü·ìÏɪº¤@¨ÇªF¤è«ä·Q©M¤H»P¦ÛµMÃö«Yªº¦t©zÆ[.
------------------------------------------------------------------- °¨´µ¬¥(Abraham Harold Maslow,1908-1970) http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/maslow.html
°¨´µ¬¥¬O1908.4.4¦b¬ü°ê¯Ã¬ù¥«½Ï¥Í,¥LªºÂù¿Ë¬O¥Ñ«X°ê²¾¥Á¨ì¬ü°êªºµS¤Ó¤H. ±Ð¨|µ{«×¨Ã¤£°ª¦ý°¨´µ¬¥¦bÂù¿Ë¡u±æ¤l¦¨Às¡vªº®ï¤Á¹ªÀy¥H¤Î¸g¾ú¥®¦~®É´Áª«½è¥Í¬¡ªº¹¼¥F, ¼vÅT¤F¥L«á¨Ó¥Rº¡¿Ñ¨D¦Û§Ú§ïµ½,¦Û§Úµo®i¥H¤Î¦Û§Ú¹ê²{ªº±j¯P°Ê¾÷.
°¨´µ¬¥¶i¤J±d¤Dº¸¤j¾Ç®É,º¥ý«ö·Ó¤÷©R¿ï¾Ü§ðŪªk«ß. ¦ý´NŪ¤£¨ì¨â¬P´Á´N·Pı¦Û¤v¤£¾A¦X·í«ß®v¦Ó¼sªx¦a¥t¿ï¾Ü¦UºØ³ßÅwªº¾Ç¬ì. Ū¨ì¤j¤T®É,°¨´µ¬¥Âà¦Ü«Â´µ±d¨¯¤j¾Ç,¤]´N¦b¦¹¤j¾Ç±µ¨ü¤F§¹¾ãªº¤ß²z¾Ç±Ð¨|»P°V½m. ¥L©ó1930¦~±o¨ì¾Ç¤h¾Ç¦ì,¦¸¦~±o¨ìºÓ¤h¾Ç¦ì,1934¦~Àò±o³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ì. °¨´µ¬¥¦b«Â¤j§ðŪ¤ß²z¾Ç®É,º¥ý±µÄ²¨ìªº¬O¶¾¼w»PÅK´Ü¯Çªºµ²ºc¥D¸q. µ²ºc¥D¸qªº°ò¥»¥D±i¬O»{¬°¤ß´¼¾úµ{ªº¹B§@©M¤Æ¾Ç²{¶H¤j¦P¤p²§, ¦]¦¹»{¬°±Ä¥Î±´¨s¤Æ¾Ç²{¶Hªº¤èªk¤]¥i¥H¾A¥Î©ó¿sª¾¤HÃþ¤ßÆFªº¶ø¯µ, ¥ç¥iÂǥѤÀªR·Pı»Pª¾Ä±ªº¦UºØ¤ß²zn¯À,¨Ó±´¨s³o¨Çn¯ÀªºÁ`©M¬O¤°»ò¥H¤Î¥¦©M¤HÃþªº·NÃѦ³¤°»òÃö«Y. ¦b³oӮɴÁ¥L¤]¦]¨ü¨ì¦æ¬°¥D¸q¤j®vµØ¥Í(J. Watson)ªº¹ªÀy,¦ÓÄ~Äò¹ï¤ß²z¾Ç·P¨ì¿³½ì. ¦³¤@¬q®É´Á,°¨´µ¬¥»{¬°¦æ¬°¥D¸q¥i¥H¸Ñ¨M¥@¬É¤W©Ò¦³ªº°ÝÃD,¦Ó±Mª`§ë¤J©ó¦æ¬°¥D¸qªº¤èªk»Pì²zªºÀ³¥Î.
º¸«á,¥L¦b«ü¾É±Ð±Â«¢Ã¹(H. Harlow)³Õ¤h«ü¾É¤§¤U§¹¦¨¡uµU¤l¤§©Ê¦æ¬°»P¤ä°t¦æ¬°¡vªº³Õ¤h½×¤å. ´N°¨´µ¬¥«á¨Óªº«ä·Q¦Ó¨¥,³o¶µ°Êª«ªº¬ã¨s¦ü¥G©M«á¨Ó¹ï¤HÃþ¦æ¬°ªº¬ã¨s¦³¬Û·íªº®t²§,¥O¤H·P¨ì¤£¥i«äij! µM¦Ó,¨Æ¹ê¤W³o¶µ¬ã¨s¤Þµo¥L«á¨Ó¹ï¤HÃþ¦æ¬°ªº¬ã¨s¦³¬Û·í¤jªº°^Äm. ¥L¦bµU¤lªº¬ã¨s¤¤,Æ[¹î¦b¹¡À\¤§¾l,¤´µM§V¤O¤£¾Ó¦a¸Ñ¨M°ÝÃD, ¨Ãµo²{½Þ¤]¦³¬Û·íÃþ¦üªº¦æ¬°,Áö¦b¦UºØ±ø¥ó¤U¤]·|¿ï¾Ü¦³¯q°·±dªº¹ª«. ³o¨Çµ²ªGÅã²{¤F,°Êª«¦ü¥G¦³¤@ºØ°l¨D°·±dªº°ò¥»ÅX¤O. ¥L«á¨Ó¤]¬Û«H,¤HÃþ¤]¨ã¦³³oºØ°l¨Dª¾ÃÑ,Åv¤O©M¹y®©ªº°Ê¾÷. ¦]¦¹,¥L¦´Á©Ò°µªº°Êª«¦æ¬°¤§¬ã¨s,³þ©w¥L´£¥X¦Û§Ú¹ê²{²z½×ªº°ò¦.
°¨´µ¬¥ªº«n¾Ç³NµÛ§@ http://www.maslow.com/#due
¡m°ò¥»»Ý¨D²z½×¡n(1943)
¡m¦Û§Ú¹ê²{ªÌªº¬ã¨s¡n(1950)
¡m°Ê¾÷»P¤H®æ¡n(Motivation and Personality -- 1954 ªìª©) ¡m©v±Ð»ùÈ»P°ª®p¸gÅç¡n(1964)
¡m°·¥þ¤ß²zºÞ²z¡n(1965)
¡m¬ì¾Ç¤ß²z¾Ç¡n(1966)
¡mÁÚ¦V¦s¦b¤ß²z¾Ç¡n(1968,²Ä¤Gª©)
¡m°Ê¾÷»P¤H®æ¡n(Motivation and Personality -- 1969 ¦Aª©) ¡m¤H©Ê»P·¥P¡n(The Further Reaches of Human Nature -- 1971 ³u¥@«á¥Xª©)
°¨´µ¬¥©ó1970¦~¦]¤ßŦ¯f¥h³u,¦¸¦~¥Lªº¤Ò¤H»`¶°¥L¥Í«eµoªíªº½×¤å,½s¦¨¡m¤H©Ê»P·¥P¡n¤@®Ñ¥Xª©. ¥t¥~,°¨´µ¬¥¦b¾Ç³N¬É°£¤F¦b«Â´µ±d¨¯¤j¾Ç,¯Ã¬ù¥¬¾|§JªL¾Ç°|,¥¬Äõ}´µ¤j¾Ç¥H¤Î¥[¦{¦è¦æ¬°¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨s°|¾á¥ô±Ð¾¥~, §ó«P¶i¦¨¥ß¤H¥»¤ß²z¾Ç·|,¥H¤Î³Q±À¿ï¾á¥ô¬ü°ê¤ß²z¾Ç·|Á`·|·|ªø(1967-1968) ===========================================================================================================
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